Analysis of automated AI systems in commercial contracts, the validity of algorithm-based decision-making, and conditions for Sharia compliance in e-commerce.

A detailed jurisprudential framework for calculating Zakat on Bitcoin, Ethereum, and other digital assets — including valuation, holding periods, and nisāb considerations.

A comprehensive review of classical and contemporary opinions on organ donation, brain death, living donation, and the ethical framework for transplantation.

Detailed analysis of equity trading, permissible sectors, dividend purification, and the conditions for Sharia-compliant investment in publicly listed companies.

An interdisciplinary exploration of NFTs as digital assets, their ownership status, contractual validity, and whether they fall under the category of 'māl' (property) in Islamic law.

A practical guide to the process of Khula (judicial divorce) in Pakistani legal context, with focus on arbitration, reconciliation, and the rights of both spouses.

Conditions and limits for combining Salah (Jamʿ) during travel, and the extension of this concession to essential workers in specific modern circumstances.

A foundational paper on how Maqāṣid al-Sharīʿah can guide the ethical development and deployment of AI, with focus on privacy, accountability, and human dignity.

A critical evaluation of staking and yield farming in DeFi protocols, analyzing the underlying contracts, reward mechanisms, and their compatibility with Islamic finance principles.